Glossary
Ableism
Prejudiced attitudes that hierarchize individuals based on the conformity of their bodies to an ideal of beauty and functional ability. Based on ableism, people with disabilities are discriminated against (MELLO, 2016).
Source: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/csc/v21n10/1413-8123-csc-21-10-3265.pdf
Ethnic-Racial Relations
The process of educating relationships between people from different ethnic-racial groups, which begins with changes in the way they address each other, in order to break feelings of inferiority and superiority, disregard judgments based on prejudice, and reject hierarchical positions forged in racial and social inequalities (SILVA, 2007).
Source: http://www.redalyc.org/html/848/84806306/
Racism
Racism is, on one hand, a behavior, an action resulting from aversion, sometimes hatred, towards people who have an observable racial affiliation through signs such as skin color, hair type, etc. On the other hand, it is a set of ideas and images regarding human groups that believe in the existence of superior and inferior races. Racism also results from the will to impose a particular truth or belief as the only and true one (GOMES, 2005).
Immigration
The word immigration comes from the Latin root migrare, which means to change position, to change residence, indicating movement. The association of migrare with prefixes that imply entry (in-) or exit (ex-) defines the words immigration (movement from outside to inside) and emigration (movement from inside to outside). We refer to groups moving out of a country as emigrants and the same groups entering and settling in another country as immigrants. When the movement occurs within the same country, these groups are simply called migrants, without a prefix. Migration is caused by the contradictions that have developed throughout history and are directly related to social relations of exploitation, domination, accumulation of natural resources, and material wealth produced in the hands of a minority group. Alongside this, we have the socialization of poverty, misery, and the most degrading conditions for the population that works and produces the material wealth. In short: human societies divided into social classes, and therefore based on the exploitation of humans by humans, create the contradictions that motivate the migration of large groups in more vulnerable living conditions and access to material goods. (MANGOLIN, 2018).
Source: http://revistareflexoes.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/14.1.2-cesar-unicamp.pdf
Xenophobia
Xenophobia is of Greek origin and formed by two words: xenos and phobos. It is generally found as synonymous with xenophobia as the “fear of the foreigner” or “repulsion towards the foreigner.” The notion of being national or foreign goes beyond just the definition of borders; the phenomenon of xenophobia is something that transcends this fact. Xenophobia is a manifestation of repulsion towards what is not recognized as one’s own culture, but it is not just that: this difference or “unknown” is attributed some risk, danger, or negative consequence of its presence, which needs to be repelled. Generally, this phenomenon is accompanied by a prejudiced and pejorative generalization of a given people or culture, which aims to justify inequalities (MANGOLIN, 2018).
Source: http://revistareflexoes.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/14.1.2-cesar-unicamp.pdf
Feminism
At the turn of the century, manifestations against female discrimination gained greater visibility and expressiveness in what is known as "suffragism," or the movement aimed at extending the right to vote to women. With an unusual scope, spreading across various Western countries (albeit with varying strength and results), suffragism later came to be recognized as the "first wave" of feminism. Its most immediate objectives (eventually supplemented by claims related to family organization, educational opportunities, or access to certain professions) were undoubtedly linked to the interests of middle-class white women, and the achievement of these goals (although limited to some countries) was followed by a certain accommodation within the movement. It will be in the unfolding of the so-called "second wave" — which begins in the late 1960s — that feminism, in addition to social and political concerns, will turn to theoretical constructions. In the debate that ensues, between scholars and activists on one side, and their critics on the other, the concept of gender will be engendered and problematized. It has become commonplace to refer to the year 1968 to mark, in a very concrete way, the collective manifestation of dissatisfaction and protest that had been brewing for some time. Therefore, it is in this context of social and political effervescence, contestation, and transformation that the contemporary feminist movement resurfaces, expressing itself not only through awareness groups, marches, and public protests but also through books, newspapers, and magazines.
Black Feminism
This new feminist and anti-racist perspective, by integrating both the fighting traditions of the black movement and the women's movement, affirms this new political identity arising from the specific condition of being a black woman. The current movement of black women, by bringing to the political scene the contradictions resulting from the interplay of race, class, and gender variables, promotes the synthesis of the demands historically raised by the black and women's movements in the country, enriching on one side the claims of women, thus making them more representative of the overall group of Brazilian women, and, on the other side, promoting the feminization of the proposals and demands of the black movement. The white and Western origin of feminism established its hegemony in the equation of gender differences and has determined that non-white and poor women, from all parts of the world, fight to integrate into their ideology the racial, ethnic, cultural, religious, and social class specificities.
Misogyny
The word misogyny first appeared in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1656 and was defined as hatred and contempt for women. The author, Avigliano (2010), recalls that the word misogyny had already appeared in 1630 in the publication “Swetman arraigned” in response to a text written by Swetman in which he attacked and belittled women. Literature shows that misogyny, the oldest prejudice in the world, has never gone out of style, as Alambert (1986, apud BICALHO, 2001) teaches us, the discriminatory forms against women have also transformed as human societies evolved, becoming more refined, sophisticated, but no less unacceptable than in the era of chipped stone. Pagels et al (1992 apud BICALHO, 2001) comment on the discussion about inequalities between men and women, explaining that it is not recent: from ancient Greeks until very recently, it was believed that women were inferior beings in the metaphysical scale that divided human beings, and therefore only men had the right to exercise public life. Thus, the author concludes that misogyny is not an invention, it is a historical fact.
Source: http://www.feata.edu.br/downloads/revistas/avessodoavesso/v14_artigo11_misoginia.pdf
